2020 Issue

45 envisions the system to work (Ulrich & Reynolds, 2010). The questions are listed along with the answers for the two relevant systems in Table 2. Step 3c: Root Definitions of the Relevant Systems When defining the root definitions, the team applied the Customer, Actor, Transformation, Weltanschauung, Owner and Environment (CATWOE) approach developed by the INCOSE UK (Emes, et al., 2012). The goal was not only to describe what the system does, but also how and why it is important for the customers who benefit from the change in state, the actors that enable the transformation, the aspects that make the change meaningful and how it affects and can be affected by the environment (Williams & Hummelbrunner, 2010). For the communication system, an effective distribution of knowledge was identified as the key transformation. This root definition for the Communication System, made up of Customers, Actors, Owner and Environment, is depicted in Figure 3. For the Engagement System, the team identified the promotion of enthusiasm for recycling as the key transfor- mation due to the lack of interest that Ogden residents, businesses and officials have shown to get actively involved with proper recycling efforts. The root definition for the Engagement System is depicted in Figure 4. Step 4: Conceptual Models of the Relevant Systems (Holons) Named in the Root Definitions The conceptual model for the Communication System is shown in Figure 5. The conceptual model for the Engage- ment System is shown in Figure 6. Step 5: Comparison of Models and the Real World The Burge tables for the communication and engagement systems are summarized in Table 3 and Table 4, respectively. Step 6: Identification of Changes The changes identified in the Burge tables, as well as the scores for the Ease-Benefit matrix, are summarized in Table 5 for the Communication System and Table 6 for the Engagement System. The Ease-Benefit bubble charts for the Communication and Engagement Systems are depicted in Figure 7 and Figure 8, respectively. Team Recommendations The team recommends that the ODA should pursue the following changes for the Communication System To create meaningful changes that are both impactful and are relatively easy to implement, the group recommends four suggestions based on the Ease-Benefit Matrix outlin - ing the potential benefits of the Communication System. The first recommendation is to translate the recycling requirements into laymen’s terms that can be easily distrib- uted to the public. Research has shown that there is already a generally high awareness by the general public on the benefits of recycling, and efforts should thus be focused on effectively educating the public on proper recycling habits that will enhance recycling performance (Timlett & Wil- liams, 2008). The first step in achieving this is to illustrate the capabilities of the private recycling company effec- tively. When outlining this information, the ODA should focus on what specifically can be recycled and the different recycling collection locations that exist within ODA-spon- sored events (Kaplowitz, Yeboah, Thorp, & Wilson, 2009). The team recommends this action because it has a high level of benefit despite its mediocre level of ease. It would require some research to fully develop the requirements of the recycling program into an easy-to-digest platform for the end-user, but the payoffs would be worth the effort. The most important point to this translation is that the result should cater to the specific needs of the Ogden citizens. Research suggests that the effectiveness of persuading the population to adopt an effective recycling program can be “enhanced by the inclusion of information from reference groups relevant to the individual” (Burn & Oskamp, 1986). Ultimately, the ODA should stray from focusing on overwhelming the citizens with vast knowledge about the larger system and should instead focus on the environmental content and how the effective recycling pro- gram specifically benefits the citizens of Ogden (Kaplowitz, Yeboah, Thorp, & Wilson, 2009). The second recommendation to the ODA by the team is to define a succinct mission, goals, roles and responsibilities of the members of the Recycling Task Force. By defining a mis - sion statement, goals and roles for the members of the task force, the team will be able to maintain momentum and see tangible steps forward toward the implementation of a suc- cessful recycling program within the community. The defini - tions can be completed with relative ease and would have a high benefit for the recycling program moving forward. The third recommendation to the ODA by the group is to identify effective ways to interact with patrons during events. The interactions with patrons will be most effective if the personal contacts that are identified by the ODA “possess adequate knowledge regarding the operations” or the ODA’s recycling program in addition to the “bene- fits of recycling as a whole” (Kaplowitz, Yeboah, Thorp, & Wilson, 2009). Having subject matter experts near recycling bins at ODA events can assist patrons in making correct recycling choices and can provide that personal interaction that research has shown to be successful. Also, the impact of communication efforts depends upon the credibility of the person performing the communication (Burn & Oskamp, 1986). Thus, having subject matter experts would improve the impact that the communication would have on the attendee.